| CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL FILTRATION INFORMATION & FILTER MEDIA | 1-1 | |||
| I. | Definition of Filtration and Separation | 1-2 | ||
| A. | Definition of Filtration | 1-2 | ||
| B. | Definition of Separation | 1-2 | ||
| II. | The Filtration Spectrum | 1-2 | ||
| A. | Definition | 1-2 | ||
| B. | Liquid and Gas (Air) Filtration | 1-2 | ||
| III. | Concentration, Types and Distribution of Contaminates | 1-2 | ||
| A. | Concentration | 1-2 | ||
| B. | Contaminate Type | 1-4 | ||
| C. | Distribution | 1-4 | ||
| D. | Extractables | 1-4 | ||
| E. | Shedding | 1-4 | ||
| F. | Dirt Holding and Unloading | 1-4 | ||
| IV. | Retention Mechanisms and Fluid Flow | 1-5 | ||
| A. | Crossflow Filtration | 1-5 | ||
| B. | Cake Filtration | 1-5 | ||
| C. | Dead-End Filtration or Deep Bed Filtration | 1-5 | ||
| D. | Blinding | 1-5 | ||
| V. | Filtration Mechanisms | 1-5 | ||
| A. | Surface Filtration (a.k.a. Sieve Filtration) | 1-5 | ||
| B. | Depth Filtration | 1-7 | ||
| C. | Absorption and Adsorption (Ab versus Ad) | 1-7 | ||
| D. | Triboelectric and Zeta Potential | 1-7 | ||
| VI. | Filtration Efficiency | 1-7 | ||
| A. | Nominal Filtration | 1-7 | ||
| B. | Absolute Filtration | 1-8 | ||
| VII. | Factors and Considerations Effecting Media and Filter Design and Use | 1-8 | ||
| A. | Differential Pressure | 1-8 | ||
| B. | Filter Efficiency Rating | 1-8 | ||
| C. | Flow Rate | 1-9 | ||
| D. | Viscosity | 1-9 | ||
| E. | Dirt Holding Capacity | 1-9 | ||
| F. | Filter Rating | 1-9 | ||
| G. | Useful Life | 1-9 | ||
| H. | Hydrophilic / Hydrophobic | 1-9 | ||
| VIII. | Test Procedures | 1-10 | ||
| A. | Bubble Point: ASTM-F316 | 1-10 | ||
| B. | Water Flow: ASTM-F317 | 1-10 | ||
| C. | Frazier Air Flow: ASTM-D737 | 1-10 | ||
| D. | DOP Efficiency: ASTM-D2986 | 1-10 | ||
| IX. | Trends | 1-10 | ||
| A. | Environmental Consciousness | 1-10 | ||
| B. | Finer Filtration | 1-12 | ||
| C. | Specialized Media | 1-12 | ||
| X. | Introduction to Filtration Media and Principle Applications | 1-12 | ||
| A. | Disposable Filter Media | 1-12 | ||
| B. | Extended Life Filter Media | 1-14 | ||
| 1. Automotive and truck engine air intake and fuel filters | 1-14 | |||
| 2. Electrostatic charged media filters | 1-14 | |||
| 3. Machine coolant filters | 1-14 | |||
| C. | Reusable Filter Media | 1-14 | ||
| 1. Baghouse reverse pulse and shaker bag filters | 1-14 | |||
| 2. Typical extended life and reusable filter media | 1-17 | |||
| APPENDIX | 1-18 | |||
| BIOGRAPHY | 1-20 | |||
| CHAPTER 2 - INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA IN FLUID / PARTICLE SEPARATION | 2-1 | |||
| I. | Surface of Solid and Colloidal Particles | 2-2 | ||
| A. | Particle Size | 2-2 | ||
| B. | Porosity and Surface Area | 2-3 | ||
| C. | Electrical/Chemical Properties | 2-4 | ||
| II. | Fluid/Solid (Particle) Interface | 2-6 | ||
| A. | The Free Energy of an Interface | 2-6 | ||
| B. | Characteristics of Interfacial Phenomena | 2-7 | ||
| III. | Basic Concepts of Colloidal Systems | 2-14 | ||
| A. | Definition of Colloid | 2-14 | ||
| B. | Lyophilic and Lyophobic Colloids | 2-14 | ||
| C. | Creaming, Aggregation and Coalescence | 2-15 | ||
| IV. | Colloidal Phenomena in Solutions | 2-16 | ||
| A. | Surface Activity and Surfactants | 2-16 | ||
| B. | Aggregation and Micelle in Diluted Aqueous Solutions | 2-17 | ||
| C. | Thermodynamics of Micellization | 2-23 | ||
| D. | Principles of Emulsions | 2-24 | ||
| E. | Flocculation Phenomena | 2-25 | ||
| V. | Application of Interfacial Phenomena to Fluid/Particle Separation | 2-31 | ||
| A. | Example 1: Physical Methods - Oil Assisted Dewatering | 2-31 | ||
| B. | Example 2: Chemical Additives For Filtration/Dewatering | 2-33 | ||
| VI. | Experimental Techniques and Instruments | 2-36 | ||
| A. | Surface Tension - Detachment Method | 2-36 | ||
| B. | Interfacial Tension | 2-38 | ||
| C. | Contact Angle | 2-38 | ||
| D. | Potential - Zeta-Meter | 2-41 | ||
| E. | Adsorption from Solutions | 2-42 | ||
| F. | Specific Surface Area - BET Gas Adsorption | 2-42 | ||
| REFERENCES | 2-46 | |||
| PROBLEMS | 2-47 | |||
| BIOGRAPHY | 2-53 | |||
| CHAPTER 3 - SOLID / LIQUID SEPARATION | 3-1 | |||
| I. | Solid / Liquid Filtration and Separation | 3-2 | ||
| A. | Stages and Methods | 3-2 | ||
| B. | Solid-Liquid Separation Equipment | 3-3 | ||
| C. | Equipment Selection | 3-3 | ||
| D. | Filtration Objectives | 3-4 | ||
| E. | Parts of the Filtration Process | 3-5 | ||
| F. | Liquid Flow | 3-5 | ||
| G. | Types of Filtration | 3-5 | ||
| H. | Filtration Modes | 3-7 | ||
| II. | Filter Aid Filtration | 3-9 | ||
| A. | Filter Aid Definition | 3-9 | ||
| B. | Properties | 3-9 | ||
| C. | Types of filter aids | 3-9 | ||
| D. | Clarification with Filter Aids | 3-11 | ||
| E. | When to use Filter Aid Filtration | 3-11 | ||
| F. | There are Two Basic Ways in which Filter Aids are Used: | 3-11 | ||
| III. | Batch Pressure Filter Equipment | 3-13 | ||
| A. | Various Types of Filters Showing Their Wide Variety | 3-13 | ||
| B. | Filter Press | 3-14 | ||
| C. | Cylindrical Element Filter | 3-14 | ||
| D. | Vertical Tank Vertical Leaf Filters | 3-16 | ||
| E. | Horizontal Tank Vertical Leaf Filter | 3-16 | ||
| F. | Horizontal Tank Vertical Leaf Filter with Rotating Leaves | 3-17 | ||
| G. | Horizontal Rotating Leaf Filter - Centrifugal Discharge | 3-18 | ||
| H. | Horizontal Plate Filters | 3-18 | ||
| I. | Vacuum Leaf Filters | 3-19 | ||
| J. | Strainers | 3-19 | ||
| K. | Sand Filters | 3-21 | ||
| IV. | Rotary Filters | 3-22 | ||
| A. | Rotary Drum Vacuum Filter | 3-22 | ||
| B. | Rotary Disc Filter | 3-24 | ||
| C. | Table Filter - Tilting Pan | 3-25 | ||
| D. | Horizontal Belt Filter | 3-25 | ||
| V. | Solid-Liquid Separation Equipment Selection and Elimination Procedure Questionaire | 3-26 | ||
| A. | Define the Slurry | 3-26 | ||
| B. | Define the Process | 3-26 | ||
| C. | Solid - Liquid Separation Screening Matrix | 3-26 | ||
| BIOGRAPHY | 3-30 | |||
| CHAPTER 4 - GAS FILTRATION | 4-1 | |||
| I. | Introduction | 4-2 | ||
| II. | Types of Filter | 4-2 | ||
| A. | Filter Media | 4-2 | ||
| B. | Filter Elements | 4-8 | ||
| C. | Filter Area Optimization | 4-10 | ||
| D. | Depth Versus Surface Filtration | 4-11 | ||
| III. | Basic Principles of Particle Capture | 4-12 | ||
| A. | Particle Capture | 4-12 | ||
| B. | Filtration Mechanisms | 4-12 | ||
| C. | Filter Efficiency and Particle Penetration | 4-17 | ||
| D. | Most Penetrating Particle Size | 4-19 | ||
| E. | Particle Adhesion | 4-19 | ||
| F. | Particle Re-entrainment | 4-19 | ||
| G. | Factors Affecting Particle Capture | 4-19 | IV. | Fibrous Filters | 4-20 |
| A. | Types of Fibrous Filters and Their Characteristics | 4-20 | ||
| B. | Physical Properties of Fibrous Filters | 4-21 | ||
| C. | Fibrous Filter Models | 4-21 | ||
| D. | Pressure Drop | 4-22 | ||
| E. | Single Fiber Efficiency and Overall Filter Efficiency | 4-24 | ||
| F. | Predicted Single Fiber Efficiency | 4-25 | ||
| G. | Performance Data | 4-27 | V. | Membrane Filters | 4-34 |
| A. | Types of Membrane Filters and Their Characteristics | 4-34 | ||
| B. | Polymeric Membrane Filter Media | 4-35 | ||
| C. | Sintered Metal and Ceramic Membrane Media | 4-37 | ||
| D. | Membrane Filter Models | 4-38 | ||
| E. | Capillary Pore Membranes | 4-39 | ||
| F. | Conventional (Tortuous Flow Path) Membranes | 4-40 | VI. | Filter Testing | 4-40 |
| A. | Filter Performance Testing | 4-40 | ||
| B. | Filter Performance Terminology | 4-43 | ||
| C. | Filter Test Techniques | 4-44 | ||
| D. | Filter Test Standards and Recommended Practices | 4-44 | ||
| REFERENCES | 4-49 | |||
| APPENDIX A Filtration Terms Used in Media Characterization | 4-52 | |||
| APPENDIX B Particle Listing of Standard Test Methods and Recommended Practices for Air Filter Efficiency Evaluation (circa 1994) | 4-54 | |||
| APPENDIX C Summary of Standard Test Methods and Recommended Practices for Air Filter Efficiency Measurement (circa 1994) | 4-57 | |||
| BIOGRAPHY | 4-62 | |||
| CHAPTER 5 - HOW TO TROUBLE SHOOT A FILTRATION SYSTEM | 5-1 | |||
| I. | Abstract | 5-2 | ||
| II. | Background | 5-2 | ||
| III. | Three Opportunities for Trouble Shooting | 5-2 | ||
| A. | When a Process is Being Designed | 5-2 | ||
| B. | When a Process Changes | 5-3 | ||
| C. | When Deviations Occur | 5-3 | ||
| IV. | Five Principles of Trouble-Shooting | 5-3 | ||
| A. | Identify the Problem | 5-3 | ||
| B. | Understand the Process | 5-4 | ||
| C. | Determine the Solution | 5-4 | ||
| D. | Apply the Solution | 5-5 | ||
| E. | Confirm that the Solution Corrected the Problem | 5-5 | ||
| BIOGRAPHY | 5-6 | |||
| CHAPTER 6 - APPLICATION OF FILTERS IN TEXTILE AND INDUSTRY FIBROUS FILTERS | 6-1 | |||
| I. | Indtroduction | 6-1 | ||
| II. | Filters in the Textile Industry | 6-1 | ||
| A. | Plant Air Filtration | 6-1 | ||
| B. | Polymer Extrusion Spinpack | 6-2 | ||
| C. | Dye Manufacture | 6-4 | ||
| D. | Size Recovery Ultrafiltration | 6-5 | ||
| III. | Fibrous Filter Media | 6-5 | ||
| A. | Woven Fabric Filter Media | 6-6 | ||
| B. | Nonwoven Filter Media | 6-13 | ||
| BIOGRAPHY | 6-16 | |||